Orientation
Notes Lecture
Human Anatomy Lecture Notes Lecture 1 The Human Orientation
اﻟﺑروﻓﺳﯾور د. ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﻣﯾﻣﻲ ,اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﺑﺎﺛوﻓﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ واﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ اﻟﻣرﺿﻲ,دﻛﺗوراة اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻧﻛﻠﺗرا
وزﻣﯾل ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﻣراض اﻟﺑورد اﻻﻣرﯾﻛﻲ
Prof Ali Altamimi Professor of Pathophysiology & Anatomical Pathology,MbCHB,MSC,PHD,MD.Royal College London محاضرات التشريح للاقسام الطبية لطلبة كلية الرافدين الجامعة
The Body Orientation
• Terms
– Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures
– Physiology: the study of body function
• Levels of Organization
– Chemical level
1. atoms and molecules
– Cells
1. the basic unit of all living things – Tissues
1. cells join together to perform a particular function
– Organs
1. tissues join together to perform a particular function
– Organ system
1. organs join together to perform a particular function
– Organismal
. the whole body
Organ Systems
Anatomical Position
Regional Names
– Axial region
1. head
2. neck
3. trunk
a. thorax
b. abdomen
c. pelvis
d. perineum
– Appendicular region
limbs
Directional Terms
Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below)
Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back) (Dorsal vs. Ventral)
– Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline)
Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure)
Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin)
Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface)
Planes and Sections divide the body or organ
Frontal or coronal
divides into anterior/posterior – Sagittal
divides into right and left halves
includes midsagittal and parasagittal
– Transverse or cross-sectional
divides into superior/inferior
• Body Cavities
– Dorsal
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
– Ventral
lined with serous membrane
viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane
thoracic cavity
a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs
b. pericardial cavity contains heart
c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane
d. mediastinum is the area between the pleurae, includes everything in thoracic cavity
except lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
a. abdominal cavity is lined by peritoneum (serous membrane), which also covers organs
b. pelvic cavity has reproductive organs, bladder, portions of large intestine
c. regions and quadrants 111Human Anatomy Lecture Notes1 بروفسيورعلي التميمي ,استاذ الباثوفسيولوجي والتشريح المرضي https://ruc.edu.iq/
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